R. Bireley, ‘The Thirty Years War as Germany's Religious War', in K. Repgen, ed., Krieg und Politik 1618–1648 (Munich, 1988), 85–106. ... Sweden from 1611 to 1632, who led Sweden to military supremacy during the Thirty Years’ War, helping to determine the political as well as the religious balance of power in Europe. The Thirty Years’ War profoundly altered Europe’s political landscape and social fabric. The Thirty Years’ War had a profound impact on Europe, and some of the consequences of this war can be seen in the changes that were made … One of the causes of the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) was the growing religious and political tension between Roman Catholics and Protestant Christians. And the Thirty Years’ War cannot be viewed as “religious” in that you should find certain aspects if this were the case. Yet Catholic France in 1635 enters the war as the ally of the Protestant Dutch and Swedes against the Catholic Spanish. And it was this upheaval – not military conflict per se – that took the heaviest human toll. The Thirty Years’ War was a series of wars between various Protestant and Catholic states in the fragmented Holy Roman Empire between 1618 and 1648. The war also has a few more subtle consequences. Atheists often point to the religious wars as example of how religion is almost always the cause of war . Gardiner, The Thirty Years War 1618–1648 (London, 1889) offers a more Protestant version of this narrative. For instance, professor Cavanaugh offers the following short critique after a long list of historical instances [included below] building-up-to and during the Thirty Years’ War. The Thirty Years' War marked the last major religious war in mainland Europe, ending the large-scale religious bloodshed accompanying the Reformation, which had begun over a century before. Within Germany, local clashes are invariably between Catholic and Protestant armies. CARTOONS OF THE THIRTY YEARS' WAR 67 and the awakening political consciousness and news-hunger of wide and often semi-illiterate sections of the general public leads to the rise of journalism in the modern sense of the word. Most of the fighting took place in the Holy Roman Empire, although the war grew to include European powers outside of the Empire.What began as a local, religious conflict became more and more continental and political with each expanding phase of the war. S.R. Both ingredients, politics and religion, prompt the event usually considered as the start of the Thirty Years' War. The Bohemian problem was resolved swiftly. Almost four centuries on, the Thirty Years’ War teaches us how protracted conflict can bring about famine and spell disaster for civilians. [….] The Thirty Years’ War ended with the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, but not before between 3 and 12 million people were killed in the warfare and its aftermath (disease and famine). Two Roman Catholic armies, the emperor’s and the League’s, converged on the kingdom, routing Frederick at the White Mountain in November 1620 and replacing the regime of the estates in Bohemia with a system of “ confessional absolutism” based on rigid Catholic conformity and political … The Thirty Years’ War was a major European war that occurred during the 17th century. There were other religious conflicts in the years to come, but no great wars. The Thirty Years’ War and the Peace of Westphalia. The "learned", humanist forms of the Reforma-tion still survive in the politico-religious tracts which continue to appear in The effects of the war included the creation of the Peace of Westphalia and a start to remaking the religious and political boundaries in Europe. The Thirty Years’ War was a European continental war that took place from 1618-1648 (thirty years!). 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